NATO Essays (2502 words) - NATO, , Term Papers

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has been a silent partner on the world stage for more than half of the century and the most successful political-military alliance in history. The United Nations and their peacekeeping efforts have had the spotlight for the past few years. However the driving force behind any successful agreement or, if needed, action on the part of several countries has been because of the strong foundation and experience of NATO and its members. The following report will chronicle the events leading up to the creation of NATO, its first decade, the constant struggle with communism in the decades that proceed, and finally the challenges for NATO today and in the future. In the years after World War II, a new threat encroached upon the leaders of Western Europe and their hopes of a stable peace. This threat would be from the growing dominance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in Eastern Europe. The USSR had an increasing appetite for the smaller countries to her west. These aggressive demands for territory and the placing of installations in taken countries fueled the fears of many that the USSR was marching toward a third world war. Britain and France, not wanting to make the mistake again of appeasing this new menace until it was too late, developed the Dunkirk Treaty in 1947. This treaty in essence pledged a common defense against any aggression. The USSR answered this by creating a European Communist organization called the Cominform and it rejected the European Recovery Program, which is commonly known as the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, named for the US Secretary of State, was basically a financial bailout for the European nations. These nations were starving because of the slow and near stopping of the coal and agricultural industries after WWII. The US offered millions of dollars to all of Europe to aid in rebuilding for four reasons. First, Europe had been a great marketplace imports and exports for the US. Second, historically West Germany had been an industrial hub and needed to be brought back to tip-top shape to buffer the expanding USSR. Third, with its increasing mass the USSR was becoming a rival to the US. Lastly, without this aid Western Europe might look to the USSR for help, which would make life a lot tougher for American interests. The year of 1948 was pivotal for Europe. In February, the Communists in Prague staged a coup d'etat and the spring brought the beginning of the Cold War. Immediately after WWII, Germany was divided in to occupation zones by Britain, France, the US, and USSR. The capital of Germany at the time was Berlin, which happened to fall in the Soviet zone. The governing administration located in Berlin fell, because of the obvious reason of "too many cooks spoil the broth". When this happened, the USSR demanded that Berlin become solely part of the Soviet zone, since its status as capital was ruined. The USSR enforced this ruling by blockading all land routes into and tried to force the other powers out of its respective sectors of Berlin. Eventually the Berlin Blockade was squelched by a military airlift that lasted the rest of the year. The city still remained divided and became known as East (Soviet controlled) and West Berlin. This transgression on the part of the USSR prompted negotiations between Western Europe, the US and Canada that resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty. The language of the North Atlantic Treaty originally consisted of its preamble and fourteen articles. The preamble states that members will promote common values and will "unite their efforts for a collective defense." The key article of the North Atlantic Treaty is number five (it's the one that inspired my title) it reads, "The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them...shall be considered an attack against them all." Another interesting article is the last one, number fourteen, and it calls for the deposition of the official copies of the treaty to be kept in the US Archives. The US already was establishing itself as the dominant member of an organization that is supposed to be based on equal responsibility. After the ratification of this treaty the structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began. The highest policy-making body in NATO is the North Atlantic Council, which met in Paris until 1967. The council composed of permanent delegates from all members was responsible for general policy, budgetary outlines, intergovernmental consultation and administrative actions. There are two main temporary committees

Web site Essays - Computer Science, Computing, Software, Free Essays

Web site Essays - Computer Science, Computing, Software, Free Essays Web site Web-Based Software BSHS/352 June 10, 2013 Software enhance The software learning team C chose to use will enhance numerous client services areas within a human service organization because it will enable servicing the client more rapidly and inputting the information in faster, keeping documentations up-to-date regularly so that the clients services are never hindered. Concerning client services, they are taken very seriously and a clients satisfaction is essential and crucial to ensuring that we are providing them with all the help that they need accurately and efficiently. According to Social Solutions Transforming Human Services (2013), "it is a vitally essential component to have for virtually every nonprofit organization, NGO, and government agency (Human Services Software Created by Human Service Professionals). It is vital that as a government agency the appropriate and accurate software had to be chosen because this will ensure that all areas within the agencies, especially our client services are brought together successfully and take lead in assessment efforts, the use of web support, and against all visibly measured outcomes. The software helps us to see where adjustments are needed if any, enables our ability to see what services a client already has, those pending, and makes it easier to keep stakeholders in the loop of the success has (Social Solutions Transforming Human Services, 2013). Client and Services Tracking System is a system that helps with keeping track of clients and the services provide basic human needs, so instead of us just providing our clients with a sheet that has names, addresses, and numbers of other agencies that can assist them with clothing, financial assistance and an emergency food source there is no longer any need to do that the software compiles all the information for us so we can get the services that the client is in need of without delaying one from receiving the help that he or she need. This software makes processing clients information more accurate, faster, and easier to be aware of the services a client is already receiving. The ability to track clients information will enable the processing time to be minimized and things to move swifter those within their household, the services can be immediately released. Client can be informed on the services they qualified for and how along they are eligible to receive because all the ha nd-written work that previously had to be done is no longer needed. Although in order for the process to complete as fast as it should all the primary required information and it will do the rest (Cussn Software Connection, n.d.). Utilize software Both Efforts to Outcomes (ETO) and CUSSN software Connection have software that will utilize the functions of the organization that offer client services. The Human Services Software created by Human Service Professionals offers different services, which can better benefit both the Human Service workers and the client who it serves. Efforts to Outcomes (ETO) nonprofit software by Social Solutions help to give organizations a clear picture of which efforts are having the greatest impact on the social issues they strive to address (Social Solutions, 2013). Utilizing the services provided the software can help with recording the daily events that staff provides also uses the information to improve services provided and what the workers need to improve in their delivery. Performance management software goes the extra step by giving you the features you need to quantify your efforts, measure participant progress, help you understand your impact with, and empowering you to make adjustments to continuously improve your services. (Social Solutions , 2013). ETO human services offer case management, performance management, collaborative social services, and billing software and reimbursement software. With the many services provided the workers can focus on the clients and their needs and take care of their other responsibilities. Advantages and disadvantages Many human services agencies employ software packages to help and establish control of their agency. With many multiple human services softwares out there it is important that he or she finds one that can be a time saver and help preserve data. There will always be some advantages and disadvantages of using these softwares. After reviewing the two softwares these programs offer different task that can help a human services agency become more effective. There are

The Issues of Unmarried Cohabitation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issues of Unmarried Cohabitation - Assignment Example Hence, going by the implicit ramifications of the California Community Property Law, Graves is entitled to all claims that arose in the light of her having a marital relationship with Ennis. 2. Even if Graves and Ennis had both been male unmarried cohabitants who had been living together for the past seven years, had commingled their properties and had life insurance policies naming each other as beneficiaries, Graves still had a cause of action for NIED because there still existed an express and implied-in-fact contract between them if one goes by the intent and spirit of Marvin vs. Marvin, amply corroborated and sanctified by the action of Graves comingling his property with Ennis, and Ennis naming him as beneficiary in his life insurance policy. Hence, principally speaking Graves did suffer a loss of consortium, irrespective of him and Ennis being males. Moreover, varied legal provisions in California, like The California Family Rights Act, extend similar protections to the same-sex domestic partners as they extend to heterosexual couples. 1. Yes, California has indeed adopted a paradoxical position towards the rights of unmarried couples by extending those rights in the contract, but not in tort. In Marvin vs. Marvin, the honourable court did agree that there existed an express an implied-in-fact contract between the same sex cohabiting couples. If the economic ramifications of the decision in Marvin vs. Marvin extended a financial validity to the relationship between the same sex cohabiting couples, it is but natural to arrive at the premise that in an emotive context, there does is some sort of relationship of emotional dependency between the unmarried cohabiting couples. However, in Elden vs. Sheldon, the California court instead of extending the Marvin decision in an emotional sphere and consequently in the sphere of tort, rather declared any claim for loss of consortium as inapplicable in the case of committed but not married partners, thereby causing much confusion and ambiguity.  Ã‚  

How does media affect the way people percieve the world Essay

How does media affect the way people percieve the world - Essay Example Hostility of Moroccans towards US has increased from 61 percent in 2002 to 88 percent in 2004. Egypt negative perception of US has risen from 76 percent to 96 percent. An Opinion poll (study) conducted in Egypt at Cairo University in 2002 revealed that 72 percent of the respondents held negative perception of US when compared to 28 percent of the respondents who portrayed positive attitudes. The American regime is portrayed as a hostile country that fails to respect the rights of other individuals. People in Middle East have used various words to describe US such as tyranny, supremacy, deceit, pro Israel, enemy, hypocrisy and ethical decay (El-Bendary, 2011). Research has suggested that Arab hostility towards U.S is worsened by US activities and policies in the Middle East. It has its origin from the Gulf war and the alleged US support of Israel in the Israel-Palestinian conflict. Additionally, there have been allegations that America is trying to humiliate and subject Arab people to their ideologies. Because of this, the Arab regimes (through their control of the media), have been spreading negative stereotyped images about the west (Zogby, 2004). The Arab opinion of U.S policy in the Middle East is much influenced by the Arab media. Video footage showing images of violence in the West Bank and Gaza strip are delivered across Arab satellite news channel, radio and by other news agencies to the millions of Muslims and Arabs around the World. The Americans foreign policy is defined and debated over Arab media as it unfolds. Satellite television, newspaper, magazines and radios have the greatest influence in the Middle East as they are accessed by many audiences (Zogby, 2004). The information contained in the Arab media about the US is a perception of how the Arabs and Muslims think about the west. There is a disregard whether the news is negative or positive. Americans have adopted the same logic. The popular culture and mass media in the United Stated have come up with stereotypes that portray all Muslims as Arabs and all Arabs as terrorist. The Americans utilize representations and language in cartoons, movies, news, magazine stories, the popular culture and the media in propagating of evil Arab stereotypes. These stereotypes are comprised of various people, beliefs, ideas, religions and assumptions. Movies and magazines present tainted images of Middle East men. The recent movies have highlighted Barbarism and cruelty as the common traits associated with Arabs. The Mentioned stereotypes are a false mental image and are not from the true image (Mady, 2004). The United States has made efforts to present a clear image of American society and polices, which have not had an impact. Washington has sponsored various Arabic-language media organization. This includes Hi Magazine, Al Hurra TV and Radio Sawa. In spite of this funding ($62 million to Al Hurra in 2004 alone), these stations and publications have failed to project and improve America n credibility in the Middle East region. Galal notes that the September 11, 2001 attacks on the U.S illustrate the problem of negatively held perception about U.S in the Arab and Muslim World (El-Bendary, 2011). Differences and Similarities between the Middle East and the United States According to Mady (2004), the media in the Middle East and United states have had many significant similarities despite their

Current trends in the market from risk management prospective Essay

Current trends in the market from risk management prospective - Essay Example The Most Important Trends in Global Financial Crisis That Have Affected Financial Markets, Institutions and the Economy from 2007 To 2009 Important lessons that can be learnt from the recent global economic crisis are purely based on risk prepared and management practices capable of averting any financial challenge. A general reluctance to handle risk with caution can be translated by all facts to have been the cause of economic downturns observed from 2007. According to Hubbard (p6)1 reluctance to employ the best risk assessment techniques prevents the management from realizing how potent and hazardous a risk would be. The author therefore attributes failure to mitigate risk to wrong technique for measuring the risk and its gravity. To illustrate this position, the author finds fault with the manner in which top risk management firms and federal agencies conducted their risk assessment resulting in wrong approach to mitigate the risks. A cascade of ill-informed interventions could o nly worsen the case for the economic crisis that hit the financial markets for the better part of 2008 through 2009 and whose impact is still being felt to date. It is clear that the most important trend in the modern economic world entails risk assessment, which must be done right at all cases to avoid miscalculations resulting into multiplier disasters. House ownership was at the centre of interest for the financial markets, having been established in the USA to such low risk levels that the major global financial players willingly ventured in it. As Fraser and Simkins (p272)2 observe, a high demand for housing attracted high prices and supply was fast catching up to share in the benefits. The Federal Reserve was allowing the lowest interest rates for the first time in the history of the market. The homeowner society of Japan which has been prone to stagnation for long is being affected by economic crisis resulting from globalization. In most of the developed countries where capit al market is deregulated by neo-liberal policies, their financial institutions are facing great effects from the global financial markets. For instance for these countries to maintain their market for their goods they have to maintain strong relations with the particular countries which provide market for their goods. This may lead to a financial crisis in that the developing countries may end up accruing debts which may affect the market. Global financial crisis through the economic turns of the overseas countries have damaged the export-based macroeconomics of Japan ACCORDING TO Forrest and Yip (p199). As the global financial crisis around the world has affected the economy and thus has brought about significant drops in stock markets. The downfall of the United States sub-marine mortgage market followed by the reversed housing boom of the industrialized countries economy has had a diverse effect around the globe. The sub-marine crisis resulted from financial assets such as securi ty assets which involved banks transferring their loans into purchasable assets. This results to banks off-loading loans which are risky onto other financial institutions. The crisis have also been on the increase because of the fact that banks are engaging in huge risks which in turn increase their exposure to financial problems. Collapsing banks suck funds from the economy in their

Theories of Unemployment: Application to the UAE

Theories of Unemployment: Application to the UAE Introduction: Unemployment is defined when an individual is actively seeking the for the job but is unable to find the work (Solow, 1980). This paper attempts to explore various unemployment theories and then find the best suitable theory to apply to the UAE economy. Advantages and disadvantages of the chosen theory will also be discussed in the paper. Recommendations will be provided to reduce the unemployment in the UAE. The paper is organized as follows: next section defines and discusses five unemployment theories, while the best suited theory/theories will be discussed in the third section. The fourth section will be composed of the strategies to be employed to reduce unemployment in the UAE. Recommendation and conclusion will be provided in the last section. Unemployment theories: Since the great recession in December 2007, many countries whether developed or developing has experienced a high rate of unemployment. There are different types of unemployment. In this section, following five types of unemployment are discussed with reference to the empirical evidence. Frictional unemployment: A switching or transition between the jobs is called as a frictional employment. The transition between the job can be for many reasons which include: looking for a better-paid job, migration from one state to another, from part time to full time employment or the vice versa. If a person who seeks a job, gets according to his requirement or desires within a week will not be counted as a frictional unemployment, but this is not possible in a real life situation. Monetary and fiscal policy can also not bring the frictional unemployment down without putting an extra inflationary pressure on the economy (Bruce and Marshal, 1976). Structural unemployment   A mismatch between the kind of the job and the availability of the skill causes a structural unemployment in a country (Peter, 1969). It is the case with most of the countries that employers do not find the required skill and the labor does not find the required or an interested job (Peter, 1969). So, the workers do not take the jobs which are not highly paid or for which they do not have an interest, which increases the unemployment in the country. On the other hand, companies also do not hire individuals who do not possess the right skills and required expertise, so a structural unemployment takes place. Technological unemployment   Boinovasky and Trautwein (2010) discussed the technological unemployment in their research paper and focused on the Schemputers writing on unemployment from 1908 to 1954. Shumpter (1926, 1928, and 1931). Schumpeter concluded that all frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployed can be summed into one unemployment type which we may call as a technological unemployment. According to Neiser (1942) a technological unemployment is the stepchild of economic science and hence cannot be avoided. Regional  unemployment Unemployment due to the regional differences is called a regional unemployment. Therefore, a structural unemployment occurs in the local or regional area it is called regional unemployment. For example, an unemployment in the New York instead of the USA is known as a regional unemployment. Seasonal unemployment Unemployment due to seasonal changes is called seasonal unemployment. Many individuals get unemployed in extreme hot season in UAE and in extreme winter in the UK. Best unemployment theories for UAE (200) Chart 1: UAE unemployment rate Historical Data Chart The unemployment in the UAE is presented in the chart 1. United Arab Emirates faced an increase in the unemployment Rate from 4.3 in 2010 to 4.6 in 2011 (Central Bank of UAE, 2011). Since 1985 till 2011, a high unemployment rate was observed in 2011, which was 4.6. Ann unemployment has increased substantially over the last six years and it jumped from 2.17% in 2007 to 4.6% in January 2012. The definition of fan unemployment in the UAE is the same as in other countries; a person looking actively for the job but unable to find the work is called an unemployment. Technological unemployment best identifies the UAE economy. The major reasons behind an increase in the technological unemployment in the UAE are listed below: Increase in the population which is unskilled or not technologically advanced. Technological advancement has substituted human with machines and capital. An increase in the migrants from other countries in the UAE has increased the competition. So there is an increase in the technological unemployment. Few other causes have been identified in the report TANMIA (2011), which is presented in the chart 2 below. Source: TANMIA, 2011 How to reduce unemployment in the UAE Emiratisation To employ the residents and citizens of the country in a meaningful and efficient way by the government is called an emiratisation. This is a very active program in the UAE. It basically promotes the countrys human resource in an optimal manner to get employed and encourage the multinationals to rely on the countries own human resource. Advantages Below is the list of advantages of the Emiratisation: It adds to the growth and sustainability of the companies and manufacturers when they have to rely heavily on the local residents of the country. The UAE culture will be promoted and spread. It supports and contributes to the growth and learning of the UAE nationals for the betterment and benefits of the human capital development. Disadvantages of Emiratization The major disadvantage of the Emiratization is the forced reliance on the employment of the UAE nationals. The private sector is still lagging behind the public sector and the UAE national are not willing to work in the private sector. Conclusion and Recommendation The report presents an overview of different unemployment theories with reference to the academic literature. The major theories discussed in this report include structural, regional, seasonal, frictional, and the technological unemployment. The analysis of these theories reveals that UAE is mostly suffered without the technological unemployment. As, the country is one of the freest economy in the world with the lowest tax rates, so it is the center of all big multinationals to set-up their plants in the UAE. After having installed their plants and machinery, now their employers seek for highly technical and skilled employee. To overcome the unemployment in the UAE, the government will have to take the following actions: It should initiate active and effective labor market programs which should target at least 5000 job seekers per annum to lower the unemployment in the region. Khalifa fund should be established for amortization empowerment, which will enhance the domestic labor force demand. Government should focus on the foreign labor policy to restrict the jobs for them and improve an employment rate for the UAE nationals. Government should also improve the participation rate in the private sector which will help lower the unemployment rate due to technological advancement.

The Federal Reserve Essay -- Economics

To understand the purpose and role of the Federal Reserve System, we must first know the origin of the central bank of the United States. On December 23, 1913 President Woodrow Wilson signed The Federal Reserve Act. The primary purpose of the act was to make sure that a supply of money and credit would be available in the United States to meet banking demands by establishing Federal Reserve Banks which would hold the responsibility of supporting the credit structure during periods of financial strain. Other banks were expected to rely on the Federal Reserve for emergency cash and credit. Government and banking influence would select the management, primarily a board of directors chosen by banks. Supervision would be by the Federal Reserve Board. The intent in 1913 was to create eight to twelve centrally located district Federal Reserve Banks and national banks would be required to keep a part of their reserve with the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve would receive deposit s from the government and receive deposits and lend to member banks only. It took almost a year to determine the boundaries of the decided twelve districts and establish the twelve Reserve Banks (one of the four components of the Federal Reserve). Named after the city in which they are located, the twelve Banks are Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. The Federal Reserve plays a significant role in maintaining the stability and liquidity (the ability to turn an asset into cash) of the financial system by working towards low and stable inflation and also strive to encourage growth in output and employment . A second component, the Federal Reserve Board... ...y 10). Retrieved May 23, 2012, from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20110110a.htm Press Release. (2012, January 11). Retrieved May 23, 2012, from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20120110a.htm (1914). The Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In O. Sprague, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 28 No. 2 (pp. 213-254). Oxford University Press. The Budgetary Impact and Subsidy Costs of the Federal Reserve's Actions During the Financial Crisis. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2012, from CBO: http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21491 Who are the members of the Federal Reserve Board, and how are they selected? (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12591.htm